Al-Ghafiqi statue. Al-Ghafiqi (Muhammad Ibn Qassoum Ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi) was a 12th-century Islamic physician who lived and worked in Cordoba, then under Islamic rule, now in modern-day Spain. He published a book on diseases and treatment of the eyes, head and brain entitled The Right Guide To Ophthalmology (Al-Murshid fil Kuhl). This work is considered an outstanding scientific and literary achievement, with Al-Ghafiqi being among the leading Muslim eye specialists. He died in 1165. Photographed in Cordoba.